Simulating the big bang and colliding particles at the speed of light takes a lot of space, makes a lot of data - and it isn’t going to blow up the planet.

The Large Hadron Collider has been running quietly for a week and no tiny black holes have made their way out through the giant concrete end caps yet, so the world is probably safe.

The collider itself is a vast confection of superconducting magnets and we were lucky enough to go down into the caverns last year while it was still being constructed. The scale of the shaft and the cavern are impressive enough; ATLAS is just one of the detectors on the ring and the structure dwarfs the engineers putting to together.

We’ve put together a look at the detector using Microsoft’s Silverlight DeepZoom technology.

An experiment like the Large Hadron Collider also produces a lot of data: 15 million gigabytes a year, streaming out of CERN to a worldwide computing grid at 2GB/second through an HP ProCurve infrastructure. The mainframes and supercomputers that processed the data in decades past have been replaced by rows of PCs. The cavernous computing centre looks like an old school gym; half of it is full of familiar tower cases, the other half is filling up with racks and blades and tape library robots as CERN builds its own mega-data centre.

You need a special invitation - or a research project - to get into the caverns at CERN, now that the LHC is switched on. But you can book a tour to see one of the other particle accelerators, decelerators and colliders where researchers try to recreate the first seconds after the Big Bang - or you can head down to the basement to see the Tim Berners-Lee’s first Web server.

A slightly battered NexT cube with a hand-written label peeling off from the front of the case, the memo of the original World Wide Web proposal lying over the keyboard; if there was a coffee cup in the display case, you’d expect Sir Tim to come back and sit down at any minute. Also behind glass is one of the first Cisco routers to make it to Europe; it’s a hefty beige box that cost $10,000 back in 1984.

Tours start in the dramatic wooden Globe of Science and Innovation, but take a minute to stand in the main reception area across the road. The coloured lights shooting through the concrete floor flash every time cosmic rays are detected; that bright blue could be a solar flare or a supernova.

-Mary

Cloud computing will shine on SSD, but your free storage might go away when it does.

The reason you get free storage on Gmail and SkyDrive and Mozy and flickr and all the other Web 2.0 services isn’t just to keep up with all the other Web 2.0 services. It isn’t just to draw in visitors who can see and click ads. It’s because when you use hard drives, especially cheap, consumer grade hard drives, to run your search engine on, the only way to make that storage fast enough is to leave most of it empty.

The hard drives that Google stacks together are never more than 25% full, because any more than that and the latency to get the information back off is just too slow to make the search effective and slap the ads on it. The other 75% is just sitting there spinning around on the platter and making you happy by putting your files on there for free makes sense.

You don’t need access often enough to slow down Google’s own accesses and Google can queue your request up to retrieve when it’s convenient - your Internet connection isn’t fast enough for you to notice.

SSD is still expensive, but it could save a lot of money for enterprises and Web services because it’s lower power. For a notebook PC you care about 15% longer battery life - if Intel’s figures carry over to real PCs; for a data centre, you care about Watts/IOPS and Intel is claiming SSD can offer six times the read performance using 98% less power and needing only 75% of the space - because you can put cooler drives closer together without space for fans and AC. That means SSD should quickly start to become common. But that could also mean the end of ever-increasing free online storage.

On the one hand, SSD is fast enough that latency is much less of a problem, so you don’t have to leave most of it empty. And on the other, it’s expensive enough that you don’t want to leave any of it empty. 

Battery life? Performance? No, the important test Intel’s new SSD passes is known internally as P*ssmark…

That’s the nickname for the way Intel tests how much of a difference SSD makes to user experience. It’s not just about how much extra battery life, although I’d like the expected 14 hours batter life I could get from the HP 2730p, the next version of my tablet, with SSD and the thin slab battery I already get 8 or 9 hours from.

The improved performance isn’t just for looking good in benchmarks or running video editing apps most people don’t use, it’s for stopping you sitting at the screen hollering “what are you doing!” as the hard drive light flashes on and off and Outlook sits there staring blankly. Not that it’s always Outlook; Acrobat is pretty good at sitting on its thumb, as are plenty of other applications. And as notebooks get smaller and lighter and 5400rpm is seen as something to aspire to, you can be left waiting far too often.

According to Intel’s cheekily named and possibly unscientific internal benchmark, you’ll be gnashing your teeth ten times less with an Intel SSD than a hard drive. They worked this out by asking a group of Intel employees to mark on a log sheet how often they got fed up enough with their computer to remember that they were keeping score. After two weeks they swapped them over to SSDs. And then after another two weeks, they made them go back to hard drives instead, sticking to show their frustration.

That frustration - and the tick marks - went down significantly Intel’s Principle Enginner for NAND Stephen Wells told me. “Not to zero; I’d still get annoyed if Windows blue-screened or something,” he said. But ten times less frustration was very noticeable. “And oh, the moaning and whining you got when we made people go back to the hard drive. I know - I was one of them. Do you want to get rid of your mouse? No.  Do you want to go back to DOS? No. In a few years will you want to get rid of your SSD? Absolutely not.”

 Not only is flash faster than hard drive, it’s more consistent. The 34 seconds it took to run through the photo and video tasks in one of Intel’s benchmarks always came out somewhere between 30 and 35 seconds, no matter how often the team ran it. But with the 5400rpm hard drive, Intel’s Chris Saleski told me the day before, the results were anywhere from one and a half minutes to two and a half minutes. 

Wells puts that down to the fact that data can be scattered anywhere around the disk and there’s an unknown latency in getting to it and getting it back that you don’t see with SSD - and he expects that to mean a more deterministic battery life with SSD as well. That way, when Windows says you have an hour of battery life left, you won’t find the machine hibernating to save your data fifteen minutes later. And that’s another thing I’d be ticking the frustration mark for…

Imagine a second, simpler operating system on your PC with fixed features, so it’s more secure - after all, if you can’t add more programs you can’t add a virus either. It would have to start up quickly, so that Windows wasn’t waiting for it, so it would be ideal for listening to music and watching video. I’m not thinking about virtualization per se, although that’s one way to achieve something similar; this is two operating systems side by side, both with access to the PC hardware, but one of them does much more limited and circumscribed things.

Can you tell what it is yet?

No, actually, I’m not talking about Palladium - sorry, Microsoft Next Generation Secure Computing Base. That grew out of an attempt to reassure Sony that it would be OK to allow DVD movies to play on a PC without piracy becoming endemic and turned into a much more useful and visionary idea about using public key cryptography not to identify people but to secure machines. It would have been a good way to implement the DRM it was associated with in the public eye, though wouldn’t have forced it on anyone who didn’t want to run it. Palladium loaded a secure piece of software called the TOR that acted as a secure area that could only run trusted code (written to public APIs), where the apps would be invisible to the main OS - all secured by the machine-specific key in your TPM and some new technology from Intel. 

Ironically, trust was the issue with Palladium; nobody trusted Microsoft to either be building a secure system that didn’t impact on a very robust interpretation of free speech or if it was, to do it right. The smallest part of the concept made it in a couple of versions of Vista as BitLocker; whole disk encryption secured by the TPM.
But the Palladium concepts are showing up in a lot of other places, including the NSA’s Security Enhanced Linux and Citrix’s Security Enhanced Xen - a small OS that runs as a secure virtual machine with isolated applications, using the TPM and Intel’s new hardware virtualization technology …

Intel even uses the words Trusted Computing Base, which might be a hostage to fortune given the fate of Palladium. The DRM discussion hasn’t started yet, but there’s a trusted channel to the keyboard, mouse, memory - and the graphics subsystem, which is what some thought would allow copy-protected DVDs to be watched in the secure area of Palladium, without the option to copy them. This time around it’s more likely to be copy-protected downloads: killing off HD DVD has actually made Blu-Ray less likely to get mass adoption,  as player and disc prices stay high.

There are far more benefits to Palladium-style secure computing than protecting the movie industry or saving the banking industry from having to upgrade anti-fraud backends. You may keep your AV up to date and your company documents secure, but one in six of all PCs that touch the Google site has a bot and they’re all sending you spam.

And while the systems that look so much like Palladium that I get déjà vu are still a little way off, Asus is already selling machines with Express Gate. Granted, this is more like the embedded operating systems you see on a lot of media notebooks; it boots up in eight seconds and lets you see your photos and play your music. It has an Internet connection, so you can browse the Web without waiting for Windows. But it also uses the TPM in Montevina and you can treat it as an isolated operating system, says the press release: “Friends and family can use your notebook to nip online, use IM, listen to music, play and view without having access to your data, the system or the Windows environment.” Very Palladian.
-Mary

I wouldn’t be surprised to open a packet of cornflakes  and have a 3G USB dongle fall out, they’re getting so common. They may be convenient but they’re not the most efficient way to get a 3G connection on a laptop. A notebook with a built-in antenna gets 25% better bandwidth (because the better the signal, the more data throughput you get). And given that most 3G cells have only a 1Mbps pipe connecting them to the Internet , you need all the throughput you can get. 

The rumblings about EU regulation of SMS and mobile data costs carry on in the background along with OFCOM’s proposals for a voluntary code of conduct for ISPs to make sure your DSL line gives you the speed you’ve paid for, and OFCOM has also been making noises about checking out what speeds mobile broadband really offers. It’s a nice idea and it might concentrate the attention of the operators on the issue, but the speed you get depends on a mix of your handset, the Internet backhaul of the base station, how many other people are using data on the same base station - and the weather, so it’s hard to be precise.

I was impressed by the independent tests that Vodafone was trumpeting last month claiming they have the fastest HSDPA network. They’re claiming up to ten seconds faster to download a 2MB MP3 file (13.54 seconds) and four times faster to open a Web page (6.7 seconds). Anecdotally, Vodafone does feel faster than T-Mobile and Orange in the areas of London we visit, on EDGE and on HSDPA. With BT’s announcement today that it’s dropping backhaul pricing, if the mobile operators put in connections from the base stations to the Internet that are as fast as your connection from your phone to the base station, we’ll start to see which side of the network really needs to speed up.

I expect better battery life is also going to be better when you’re using built-in 3G than when you’re going through a USB port. The voltage won’t be much different but you can have much more sophisticated power management - and of course if you have a better signal, you don’t have to keep turning the radio up to try and improve things.

So Lenovo’s Centrino 2 announcements caught my eye today. Either the growth in the dongle market means Ericsson has dropped the prices of its 3G modules (scale, competition or a mix of the two) or Lenovo has decided that 3G is the best way to fight off the buzz around ultra-cheap machines like the Eee PC and Aspire One that cut features along with the price. Whichever it is, Lenovo is dropping the price premium for built-in 3G from around £100 to around nothing: from August 4th notebooks with a mobile broadband module will cost, and I quote, ”approximately the same price as those without”.

Although BT is now referring to the still-in-draft 802.11n proposal as a standard and putting it in the shiny new BT Home Hub (the rotating ten foot model of it at the BT event last night was a little scary), the n debacle drags on. At this rate, we might have HSDPA built into more laptops than 802.11n…
-Mary

With Intel’s 40th birthday on the horizon (and with it the 40th anniversary of the microprocessor), Intel’s Pat Gelsinger took a few minutes yesterday to ruminate on the past, present and future - and to take a few questions.

Beginning with a look back to the i386, and the shift from 16 to 32-bit computing, Gelsinger pointed to a time of technical and industry transition, much like today. It was the point where Compaq moved ahead of IBM, and Windows and Microsoft began to shape the software industry. We’re in the middle of another shift at the moment, what Gelsinger called the “third era of Moore’s Law”.

The first era was the age of invention, with the second concentrating on scale and manufacturing. Gelsinger calls the third era “The right hand turn”, where the industry starts to concentrate on energy efficiency. He went on to describe the industry’s success as resulting from “the power of compatibility”, where compatible software means that each generation of silicon can inherit the work of the entire industry (with just a little recompile along the way). There have been plenty of changes in Microprocessor design, purely by increasing numbers of transistors - the power controller on Intel’s Nehalem processors is bigger than Gelsinger’s first processor. There’s a sheer complexity to these machines, which Gelsinger described as “the most advanced things ever built”.

That’s the past and today, so what about tomorrow? Intel reckons on having 10 years of visibility into the future of silicon. Gelsinger described silicon as “the scaffolding for half the periodic table”. The future will be much the same, even if it’s based on silicon nanowires and spintronics. The first big change will be in just a couple of years, with the shift to 450mm wafers. The investment this requires will be huge, and Intel expects this to trigger a wave of industry consolidations - just to help pay for the new fabs.

Gelsinger also sees Intel’s IA architecture as a key differentiator between it and the rest of the industry. As multicore systems become more and more common, and as IA scales up to teraflop terascale systems and down to milliwatts, software will be compatible between all the different versions of the architecture. There of course will be different languages and libraries (especially for parallel processing systems), but code will be portable.

The result will be what Gelsinger calls an “AE724″ world. Bill Gates’ vision was a computer on every desk and in every home, Intel’s is much more ambitious. It’s a world where everyone has access to the Internet, with computing embedded into the environment and the infrastructure - everywhere you can imagine. It’s certainly a big picture - and one that will mean a shift in the way we develop applications and in how we design networks and data centres.

We blogged about GPU-based computing last week, and Gelsinger was asked about Intel’s response to NVIDIA’s CUDA and AMD’s CTM. Describing CUDA as “an interesting footnote in the history of computing”, Gelsinger talked about GPU computing as a cool idea that required a new programming model. He felt that this would be hard to deal with compared to general purpose computing techniques, and suggested that Intel’s massively multicore Larabee would be the right answer in the long term.

It’s true the microprocessor and the software stack make a huge difference. I probably wouldn’t have dialed in to the conference call if Skype didn’t connect to US 1-800 numbers for free from anywhere in the world. Whether the future’s all Intel is another question. IA is an important architecture but there’s still space for low power alternatives like ARM, or for specialised co-processors from the likes of Toshiba, Azul, AMD and NVIDIA. General purpose silicon is just one way of working - and if you’re prepared to target a specific niche there’s still plenty of scope to make a very healthy profit with specialised silicon.

–Simon